## Introduction The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations, established to coordinate international air navigation, promote the safe and orderly growth of civil aviation, and foster economic development through global air transport[2][7]. Headquartered in Montreal, Canada, ICAO serves as the global forum for its 193 member states to develop and adopt international standards and policies that govern civil aviation worldwide[2][7]. ## What ICAO Does ICAO’s primary mission is to develop and maintain international Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) covering all aspects of civil aviation, from safety and security to environmental sustainability and air navigation[1][5]. These standards are codified in 19 Annexes and 5 Procedures for Air Navigation Services (PANS), which provide a harmonized framework for aviation operations globally[5]. ICAO conducts compliance audits, provides technical assistance, and builds aviation capacity in member states, especially in developing countries[1][6]. The organization also facilitates international cooperation on accident investigation, airspace management, and the prevention of unlawful interference[2][4]. ## History ICAO was created in 1944 through the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention), which set the legal and technical foundation for international air transport[4]. The organization became a specialized UN agency in 1947, following the establishment of the United Nations itself[4]. Its formation was driven by the need to avoid friction among nations and ensure that international aviation could develop safely, efficiently, and equitably[4]. ## Key Achievements - **Global Standardization**: ICAO has established over 12,000 SARPs, enabling the seamless operation of international air transport and ensuring high levels of safety and security worldwide[5]. - **Capacity Building**: Through initiatives like the No Country Left Behind (NCLB) program, ICAO helps least developed and small island states strengthen their aviation systems and integrate into the global economy[